The Beer Market Is One Of The Largest Exporting Products

The beer market is one of the largest exporting products in the world; the beer market holds a stable empire in international customers’ mind. The alcoholic beverages are always employed in most social situations and becomes more officially. One of the pastimes in Russia is drinking alcohol and they have the highly ranking for alcohol consumption (Blake, 2014). In the past, drinking vodka was one of the most Russian cultures but due to its negative affect, other alcohol such as beer now replaces it. As a result, the consumption of beer has witnessed a dramatic upward trend, which would be analysed more detailed in following paragraphs. According to Deconinck and Swinnen (2015, 85-86), from the 1960s to 1980s and the early 1990s, the†¦show more content†¦From 1996 to 2007, the average of beer consumption in Russia raised around five times from 15 to 80 litres per capita, making beer become the most popular alcoholic drinks in Russia now and also transforming Russia into the world third largest beer market (Deconinck and Swinnen, 2015, 83). According to the reports done by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (2012) that Russia is the largest vodka market in the world, but Russian seemed to reduce consuming this alcohol, whereas the market trends of beer market in Russia experienced an opposite trend, it increased significantly. Figure 2 also shows that beer replaced the vodka market in 2000 due to beer has been more popularised as a more casual drink while vodka had a higher risk of early deaths in mainly affect (Mazumdar, 2014). In 2010, the overall of Russian people consumed 68 litres of beer, however there were only 12 litres and 7 litres for spirits and wine. It can see from the data that alcohol market and beer market is bigger than other kinds of alcohol market such as whiskey and cognac (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2012). During the past decade, the attitudes of Russian was changing and this lead to the sale of the beer market. According to BBC NEWs (2011), the beer sales have been increasing by 40% whereas the sales have been falling down by around 30% for vodka market in Russia, which can see from the data Russian drink more beer than

Student Success Course For College - 1561 Words

Final Culminating Paper In reviewing the many take-aways I have had from doing this student success course to hopefully become a well rounded student. The greatest take away was the strategies and tools I learned to help me succeed in life and in college as they were essential skills I lacked as a student. Helping me to build effective ways to get good grades in my other classes by building effective study habits then ineffective study habits I have been using previously. Thus I have improved in many ways than one in the many skills and strategies needed as a college student in order to succeed. Taking away how my values correlate to my major, Money management, time management and the steps needed in career and educational planning that†¦show more content†¦In doing this the necessary steps I need to take steps that steer close to my values and creates balance as I can not just attribute my career to the value of my education without my family and friends their to support me . My career comes from a strong sense of self and being respected due to them. Which pushes me to take the necessary steps to achieving my goal of being a veterinarian in pursuing my degree. In taking this course I was able to find my interest and an understanding of my values I never knew before in depth. As to why I hold these values important and how they attribute to my career as past reflections and discussions about my values in relation to career as they help guide me to do what I love with added benefits. Along with this we learned about money management, and how to live within our means as a student to avoid debt or have less debt than what has currently been predicted. As currently budgeting can make a difference for a student especially for my financial outlook. Being a college student tuition fluctuation continues to rise, budgeting can however lower and eliminate your financial debt you may fall into. 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Marketing Plan for All 4 Sports

Question: Discuss about theMarketing Plan for All 4 Sports. Answer: Introduction There exists various organizations performing in the Australian economy with the aim of earning profit and establishing a strong market share. There even exist organizations that do not run after profit maximization but aim to develop the society where it operates. These organizations are non-profit organizations who are engaged in providing all the issues related to the society and the community and developing their lifestyle. The current study concentrates on All 4 Sports, which is a non-profit organization that provides the society with a complete youth sports program. The firm selects participants from the kindergarten to high school with positive learning and team working experiences along with the providing training knowledge about various sports to the youth who are underprivileged and hail from the backward sections of the society (Schrader, Freimann Seuring 2012). They try to uplift the youth from these sections and provide them a base to establish themselves in the society. All 4 Sports has started a new sports program where they try to discover the hidden potentials of youth in the field of soccer. The firm has collaborated with Sydney Football Club, a leading football club in Australia to discover youth having talent in football and try to provide training to them in their club to initiate the first step towards development of professional football players. The firm tries to make this program available and affordable to the talented participants. They initiate the program by undertaking various fund raising activities so that the participants need to pay a minimum amount. The paper therefore tries to highlight the marketing mix and the SWOT analysis of the sports program undertaken by All 4 Sports. Discussion The need for the youth football program is exaggerated and authenticated by the information that provides long term value to the candidates selected in the program. The involvement in sports results in the reduction in the youth getting involved in drugs, crime etc. The program increases the social and personal value of the youth in a constructive and positive manner and restricts social costs that may occur later. The benefits indicated in the football sports program validates the the concept of All 4 Sports and even attracts sponsors to get involved with the program. The program of discovering future football talents has been named as The Rising Stars of Football. The campaign comes with a tag line Come, Play and Enjoy the Game. Lets Football! Market Summary All 4 Sports delivers valuable team game and football experiences to youth coming from the backward sections of the society. The firm provides opportunity to the young people to gain knowledge about the game and improve the fitness and athletic skills of the youth (Tian Borges 2012). The program even provides knowledge about sportsman spirit, teamwork, leadership, fair play, self confidence and cooperation among the youth. Market Demographics The firm undertakes a national level football talent hunt of the youth hailing from the backward sections of Australia. Out of the total number of participants, 58% of the applicants are male and 42% are female. The sports program provides equal training opportunity to the male and female (Machmud Sidharta 2014). SWOT Analysis The following details highlights the strengths and weaknesses that are internal to the firm and the threats and opportunities that are external. The objective is to control the strengths and make use of the opportunities presented by the market and improve the weaknesses and construct contingency plans to eliminate the threats before they become reality. Strength Reputation of the Program: All 4 Sports is considered to be the best choice for youth sports programs and therefore many football clubs have approached them to start the program. But the firm has opted to collaborate with Sydney Football Club. Donor Base: The brand image of the firm has led to the enhancement of a loyal and stable donor base from corporate and private sources. Internal Facilities: The firm provides athletic facilities like gyms, football fields, training courses and sports equipments to the candidates (Tudor NEGRICEA 2012). They even have a close relationship with the public and private schools and football clubs to create maintenance agreement. Internet: The website of the organization turns to be an important technological answer for the firm in the field of communication, registration and information. The firm has been able to produce current and extensive information at a minimal cost. Weakness Capital Requirements: The firm is in need of improvements in the management of the financial sources. They are in need of extra funds to maintain the quality of the program to meet the expectations of the society. The Fund Raising Foundation established by the firm provides additional financial resources for All 4 Sports. These strategies are useful in reducing the course fee from the participants thereby making the program affordable (Mohaghar et al., 2012). In order to expand their plan, All 4 Sports tries to bring in new investors in the sports program. Facilities: The expansion of the program requires the need of bigger grounds. Therefore, this is one of the main challenges the firm faces currently. The threats from several aspects rise in the program needs linked with the current restrictions and fees has led them to collaborate with Sydney FC as they do not have the facilities that are essential for the development of the program and provide the participants with quality training and management (Brito 2013). The need for indoor facilities, innovative training equipments and appropriate practice schedule for the candidates has led to the collaboration with Sydney FC by the firm. Training and Educations for the Officials and Coaches: The officials and the coaches require adequate training to better understand the firms philosophy, responsibilities and behaviour with the candidates. The coaches and officials need to be made aware of the football talent hunt program and they need to provide extensive training to the participants so that they can have a professional football carrier (Ayub et al., 2013). Staff Challenges: The employees face tremendous work pressure in relation to the issues of the program and workloads. Opportunities Geographic Service Area Issues: The continuous improvement in the football program across the country will attract new societies to undertake such programs and would like to take help of the firm to undertake such new programs in other societies (Robinson 2012). Interest towards Football: Football is one of the most attractive sports and therefore the initiation to discover potential future football players will bring in new candidates to participate in the program. Program expansion and community education: The community needs to be provided with the knowledge of their initiative so that they become aware of their work and the firm is also in need of expansion of the program as with knowledge about the program to the society, it will lead to new candidates showing interest of joining the program. Threat Property tax changes: The changes in the property tax will lead to modifications for the firm and they will try to reduce certain costs to maintain their current quality of service. Legal and Liability Issues: The firm is exposed to various issues of liability in the functions performed by them. The issues range from safety and health to verbal abuses that may even lead to any legal actions (Ngo O'Cass 2013). Marketing Mix The marketing mix strategy of the firm includes the following aspects: Product The product in concern is an intangible product and the core benefit of the product is to provide training and discovering the potential of the youth of the backward sections in the field of football so that they gain extensive knowledge about the game and are able to create a future for them (Payaud 2014). This program even abstains the youth from moving towards consumption of drugs and crime. The program is well supported by the people living in the society. Price The course fee for the program is estimated to be around $ 60,000 per annum but the amount is very expensive for the backward sections of the society. The firm has therefore reduced the course fee to $ 10,000 per annum for them and the rest amount is balanced with the help of the donations and the money received from the sponsors. The firm has brought in various private and corporate firms as sponsors who invest in their football talent program and therefore the outstanding amount is balanced with the money received from the sponsors (Sisodia, Vyas Maheshkar 2013). This action satisfies the candidates and the firm is able to accomplish their goal. Place The football talent program is undertaken near the area where there are more backward sections reside so that they are aware of the program and can participate easily. Promotion The program is a beneficial one for the backward sections of the society and therefore it requires extensive promotional campaign to attract the society along with bringing in sponsors and investors in the program. They have undertaken advertisements in newspapers and television along with billboard advertisements so that the entire community has a knowledge about the program (Hans Gupta 2013). The firm has constructed an advertisement stating the name of the campaign along with their tag line of Come, Play and Enjoy the Game Lets Football!. The campaign even highlights the sponsors associated with the program to increase the brand value of the program. Promotional Campaign Template Attention Grabbing Message The action plans that have been identified in the study for All 4 Sports will be influential in attracting potential participants for the program. All 4 Sports, in order to attract participants and sponsors for the program has even created an attention grabbing message comprising of: Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Message The effectiveness of the message can be best understood by the responses from the society and the community where the program is being initiated. The positive and negative responses from the community will clarify how the program is being treated. The other way to evaluate the effectiveness of the message will be looking at the number of candidates who are participating in the program. The more candidates participating will indicate the success of the message provided and program undertaken by All 4 sports. Conclusion The developmental goal of All 4 Sports to discover the skills and talents of the youth from the backward sections of the society has been found to be effective. The program has attracted various sections of the society proving fund and manpower to undertake the program. A detailed information about the market is provided and a SWOT analysis is undertaken to find out the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that are related to the firm. it shows that the firm has minimum weakness and threats and they can undertake steps to eliminate these issues. A marketing mix plan reveals the 4Ps related to the program and therefore it is seen that the program undertaken by All 4 Sports will be successful in the market. Reference List Ayub, A., Razzaq, A., Aslam, M. S., Iftekhar, H. (2013). A conceptual framework on evaluating SWOT analysis as the mediator in strategic marketing planning through marketing intelligence. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 2(1), 91-98. Brito, M. (2013). Your brand, the next media company: How a social business strategy enables better content, smarter marketing, and deeper customer relationships. Pearson Education. Hans, A., Gupta, A. (2013). Cause Related Marketing CRM: a win-win arrangement-(for both Non profit making organizations and profit making organizations). International Journal of New Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJNIET), 1(4), 51-54. Machmud, S., Sidharta, I. (2014). Business models for SMEs in Bandung: Swot analysis. Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis Entrepreneurship, 8(1), 51-61. Mohaghar, A., Fathi, M. R., Zarchi, M. K., Omidian, A. (2012). A combined VIKOR-fuzzy AHP approach to marketing strategy selection. Business Management and Strategy, 3(1), 13. Ngo, L. V., O'Cass, A. (2013). Innovation and business success: The mediating role of customer participation. Journal of Business Research, 66(8), 1134-1142. Payaud, M. A. (2014). Marketing strategies at the bottom of the pyramid: Examples from Nestl, Danone, and Procter Gamble. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 33(2), 51-63. Robinson, J. G. (2012). Common and conflicting interests in the engagements between conservation organizations and corporations. Conservation biology, 26(6), 967-977. Schrader, C., Freimann, J., Seuring, S. (2012). Business strategy at the base of the pyramid. Business Strategy and the environment, 21(5), 281-298. Sisodia, R. S., Vyas, R., Maheshkar, S. (2013). Cause Related Marketing: A Path Maker to Doing Socially Responsible Business. Tian, G., Borges, L. (2012). The effectiveness of social marketing mix strategy: Towards an anthropological approach. International Journal of Business Anthropology, 3(1), 102. Tudor, E. D. U., NEGRICEA, I. C. (2012). Brand Positioning-a marketing resource and an effective tool for Small and Medium Enterprises. Journal of Knowledge Management, Economics and Information Technology, 1(2), 58-67.

Life Without Travel Is a Life Unlived free essay sample

A Life Without Travel, is a Life Unlived ‘The world is a book and those who do not travel read only a page,’ said St Augustine. I’ve always had a love for travel, give me the resources and point me in a direction and I’m there. ? Just the other week, I had the opportunity to visit one of the largest cities in the world: Hong Kong. That opportunity came to me when I was on my way to work. I got phone call from a friend who just found out about a promo for Cebu Air Pacific for flights to Hong Kong. She asked me if I wanted in. Without any hesitation I said yes! Before even knowing when the dates are, I said yes. That was three months ago. I never had any regret for that decision . We left Baguio around midnight for the long trip to the Diosdado Macapagal Airport. We will write a custom essay sample on Life Without Travel Is a Life Unlived or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We were excited, eager. We didn’t sleep the whole 4 and a half hour trip. Our flight was scheduled 9 am. We arrived 3 hours early. Yeah, were were excited. After that 3 hour wait and a two hour flight, touchdown Hong Kong! It’s funny that the travel from here to the airport was twice as long as compared to the time going to another country. After clearing customs and swooping our packs, the first thing we did was get something called an Octopus card. The octopus card is Hong Kong’s Universal way of paying for transportation fare. It’s very convenient. You just swipe your card and you can hop on anything. Buses, subways, ferries, trams, you name it. So with that we took a super efficient train right into the heart of Hong Kong. After a 30 minute ride and a few stops, We stepped off the air conditioned train and we were instantly awed by what we saw. There are thousands of people out on the streets shopping, eating and drinking and every street is lit up with electric signs and florescent lights with the classic Asian energy. Our first destination , even before dropping off our bags, was Ngong Ping village, the location of the Giant Buddha. The village is a culturally themed attraction with lots arts and music and you really get a feel for their traditions and culture. Visiting the Giant Buddha was the highlight of the experience that can only be reached by climbing up a 300 hundred step hill. The whole experience took the whole day. After that it was time to head into Hong Kong. The actual city of Hong Kong is built on a small island and for new development–the only place to go, is up. The entire city is covered with monster skyscrapers, huge hotels and super-malls. Transportation is super easy, everything is detailed in both Cantonese and English so it would be very hard to get lost. There’s plenty to see here: experiences of endless shopping, big-city nightlife and delicious dim sum are to be had. Visitors can find both colonial history and modern architecture. Its open society allows many different cultures to flourish and you would see a lot of nationalities there. You would not be surprised to see a lot of fellow kababayans walking around. The second day was spent in DisneyLand. Even though people say its one of the smaller Disneylands, I was still impressed. The first time I saw the Disney castle in the horizon I felt like a kid again. We got to ride all the rides, experience all the shows. It much better than I expected, lots to do there, it took up the whole day. The evening fireworks was unforgettable, with each explosion timed perfectly with the music. Everyone had their mouths open. I can say that, even if we’re grown up and all it still is a magical experience. The third day was for Ocean park. This was a fun filled day out and very good value for money! As well as the obvious scary rides. There was a ride there that when you were in strapped to the roller coaster the floor would disappear and have you ride around and around. Unforgettable. We were lucky enough to see the Pandas at feeding time and it was a wonderful experience to be so close to them. I loved the aquarium, where you can see and watch a whole eco system live in there, with thousands of fishes, sting rays, sharks and all kinds of sea life mingle with each other. With live dolphin shows, tons of stuff to see and do. I think this was my favorite place there. Day four was the day we had to go home. As we were leaving the skylines of Hong Kong, I cant shake of the feeling that it was all worth it. Between budgets and busy schedules, it is not always easy to set aside time and plan a getaway. But as Mark Twain has said, â€Å"Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things you didn’t do than by the ones you did do. So come out of your comfort zone. Explore. Dream. Discover. †

How BAA can be affected by Competition Commission Decision to Sell Two Airports

How BAA can be affected by Competition Commission Decision to Sell Two Airports Identification of Purpose This report seeks to assess the impact of regulation on BBA as a company following the competition commissions directive that provides that the firm should sell two of its airports.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How BAA can be affected by Competition Commission Decision to Sell Two Airports specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through the analysis of economic literature, the paper explores the costs and benefits associated with regulation. In particular, the paper evaluates the likely disproportionate effects that regulation may have on BBA as a company. The burden of business regulation is a major concern for businesses. According to Grant Thorton/ ICAEW (2012, p.2), business professionals often rank regulatory intervention or requirements as the main factor posing serious challenges to organizational performance. In the latest survey in the United Kingdom, 41 percent of businesses in the Uni ted Kingdom highlighted regulation as a serious challenge to their operations compared to a year earlier. Regulatory issues were ranked first among all the challenges identified. This evidence highlights the need for further research in the area of regulation because it is an important economic issue that companies are worried about. Critical Discussion of Current Literature Regulation in general is very broad in meaning. Regulation can basically be defined as a specific set group of commands such as those enacted through the legislature. It may also refer to a deliberate attempt by the state to influence social and business behavior through incentive instruments (Baldwin, Cave Lodge 2012, p. 3). Regardless of the definition adopted, regulation is viewed as limiting behavior or freedom. According to Baldwin, Cave and Lodge (2012, p. 3), through its restrictive mechanism, regulation intends to prevent negative outcomes to the society as the regulated activity is considered valuable by the society.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the modern context, regulation is better understood as a an umbrella where various stakeholders collaborate to achieve desirable outcomes such as best sharing practice, transparency, public participation and data provision (Solomon 2008, p. 819). Need for Regulation According to Dobos (2007 p. 330), regulatory interventions are situation dependent. They depend on the political and economic institutions in place that call for intervention measures. The effects of regulation most certainly interfere with business activities, and this interference has the potential to benefit some segments of the population and harm others including the whole industry, individual players, and the market. Because of this, it is important to assess why governments (Competition Commission) regulate and identify who they wish to profit fr om the regulation. As Baldwin, Cave and Lodge (2012, p.15) note, one of the major reasons for regulation are instances when the market fails. When the market fails, regulatory intervention is justified because under market failure, the market cannot produce optimal output that matches the interest of the public. From economic theory, markets aim at achieving Pareto efficiency; that is, markets should allocate resources in such a manner that it makes one player better off without making the other player worse off. Nevertheless, situations arise that distort market efficiency rendering efficiency in resource allocation unattainable. When the market forces of demand and supply fail, welfare results cannot be attained and undesirable outcomes can never be stopped.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How BAA can be affected by Competition Commission Decision to Sell Two Airports specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Monopolies ar e an example of market failure and it is a similar situation that the Competition Commission had to deal with in relation to BBA (BBC News 2011, p.1). Under monopoly, a single producer dominates the market for services or goods in a manner that the firm maintains its position as the single seller in the market with no substitute service or product and with significant entry barriers into the market (Baldwin, Cave Lodge 2012, p.16). A monopoly situation is detrimental not only to the consumers but also other firms seeking to enter the market. A monopolist aims at increasing its profits by cutting on its output to reduce its production costs while at the same time increasing the price it charges on its goods and services because the demand for its goods and services increase continuously given that supply is reduced (Baldwin, Cave Lodge 2012, p. 16). In the end, profits are redistributed from the consumers to the producer, which is a less optimal and socially undesirable outcome. Do bos (2007 p. 329) argues that competition law, a form of regulatory intervention permits the return of competition into the market and splits a part the monopoly leading to more efficiency in wealth distribution. From the BBA case, BBA ownership of the airports in the United Kingdom cannot be regarded as monopolistic in nature. However, it was the most dominant player to the extent that it could pursue some monopolistic tendencies.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the BBC News (2011a, p. 2), BBA operated six airports in the United Kingdom including Heathrow UKs largest airport in terms of number of passengers, Gatwick, Southampton, Glasgow and Edinburgh. Such an ownership structure was considered by the Competition Commission to be anti-competitive. Critical Discussion of Current Literature Pertinent to BBA Case This section reviews some of the literature that attempts to explain the effects that regulation has on a companys performance. At the company level, the paper evaluates how regulatory intervention may affect businesses like BBA. In the analysis, the report takes into account the role that efficient markets play in ensuring optimal market outcomes. In addition, an evaluation is done on various literatures that have tried to ascertain the existing correlation between major macroeconomic variables and the incidence of regulatory burden. How the Competition Commission’s Directive Affected BBAs Entrepreneurship To asce rtain the effect of regulatory intervention on BBAS entrepreneurship requires the formulation of an entrepreneurship measure (Da Silva Martins Paula 2007, p. 22). A number of studies have paid significant attention on the volume of new entrants joining the market post-regulation and how this can be affected by the regulation of entry. The number of new entrants may not be a perfect proxy for entrepreneurship. Nevertheless, it enjoys the advantage of being relatively easy to measure. According to a study conducted by Solomon (2008, p. 829) using a data set from the World Bank, if the cost of regulation is increased, it limits the creation of new companies in many parts of the globe, more so in industries that enjoy high entry rates of new firms. In the same study, the authors found out that industries that are characterized by high entry regulations are often linked with large sized businesses, which is a clear indicator that regulatory interventions often limit the set up of small companies. This negatively affects not only the strength of competition within the markets but also the Pareto-efficient objective of attaining efficient market outcomes. Ardagna and Lusardi (2008, p. 14) carried out a similar research by Klapper, Laeven and Rajan (2006, p. 591) study. For them, they focused on the waiting time (delay) linked with regulatory intervention as opposed to costs. The researchers modeled how bureaucratic tendencies affect business development and employment across different industries. In their findings, the authors argue that in countries where more time is required to register a new firm, there is slow entry of new firms post regulatory intervention. If the UK airport market portrays the same characteristics, then it implies that BBA will still benefit from the operations of its other airports due to slow entry of firms into the industry (Ciccone Papaioannou 2007, p. 444). In another research, Nystrom (2007, p. 3) evaluated entrepreneurship determinant s in various countries. In his findings, the author argues that institutional setting is an important determinant of a countrys level of entrepreneurship. In addition, he argues that regulatory intervention of labor, business and credit is a major determinant of a countrys level of entrepreneurship post regulation. Empirical Literature on the Impacts of Regulatory Intervention Ardagna and Lusardi (2008, p. 23) in their study explained the global differences in entrepreneurship. The researchers had a data set comprising of 37 developed and developing countries with detailed data on individual characteristics. The researchers then combined the information collected from the individual characteristics with information on regulatory intervention. Their findings were in line with studies don earlier. The results indicated that regulation plays an important role in an individuals choice to open a new business. Regulation was found to be a significant entry barrier and as a result a deterr ent to entrepreneurship especially those looking for a business opportunity. Similarly, findings from industry specific level research carried out by European Commission (2008, p. 395) in the food retail sector indicate that stringent market entry requirements makes the markets more concentrated. This leads to a significant reduction in competitive pressures. This in turn gives rise to adverse consequences in the economy not only in terms of high unemployment rates in the specific sector, but also in form of higher prices being charged to the consumers. This report highlights important and concrete evidence of how the burden of regulatory intervention gives rise to reduced competitive pressures, inefficiency in resource allocation and underutilization of the available resources. The Effects of Regulation on a Country’s Economic Growth and Productivity Several studies have been undertaken in an attempt to evaluate the impact of regulation on the economy as a whole. Evident dif ferences exist not only in growth rates but also productivity performance in various developed economies. In a study by European Commission (2008,p. 394), the authors attempt to device an explanation based upon regions in which countries vary most, the existing institutions and how the regulation of both the labor and product markets influence entrepreneurship choices. The authors further analyzed how regulation can potentially affect a firms ability to join markets and compete with existing players. From economic theory, it is clear that through healthy competition, firms achieve efficiency and efficiency translates into increased productivity. The authors argue that total factor productivity growth is inversely correlated with statewide regulation measures undertaken. They conclude that increasing regulation only has the effect of slowing productivity growth. Similarly, in their findings, the authors note that administrative burden act as a consistent barrier entry of new players in the market. Resulting into a waste of valuable time, increasing costs, and significantly reducing the incentive to innovative and market competitive pressures. Risk Based Regulation as a better Alternative As an integral component of the deregulation agenda, regulation based on risk has taken a center stage among regulation theories from the early 1990s (Lee Stallworthy 2012, p. 9). The objective of risk based regulation is risk management using risk tools given that risk based regulation is both scientific and economic in nature. The idea is that in managing risks, the risks should be accorded first priority and not the rules to gather the correct data and then realign the firms operations based on risk governance. A regulation based on risks intends to create not only certainty but also better regulation premised on regulatory impact assessment. Through the assessment, a cost benefit analysis is done to the new legislation to ascertain if its impact is balanced and if it can a chieve then target for which it was set. Nevertheless, from the 2000 new Lisbon agenda member countries of the European Union have advocated for regulatory policies that favor growth and employment creation at the expense of the environmental impacts. Regulations should not be measured based on economic variables alone, instead they must equally incorporate measures of greater integration, more coherence, participative and strategic regulation. Regulation of risks is quite broad. The European Union has surpassed its initial target of making legislation simpler and cutting down on the incidence of administrative burden to business. The member countries have formulated smart legislation, which scrutinizes legislation implementation with the objective of identifying any overlaps, outdated areas and inconsistent aspects of any new regulatory legislation. Within the United Kingdom, the environment policy has paid greater attention to the relative risks inherent within activities to impro ve general efficiency and reduce on the administrative burden suffered by regulated businesses. Sustainable consumption theory contends that all other regulation theories focus on responses to industrial risks in one guise or another and that the focus should move away from the pollution to environmental consumption. Regulation and environmental regulation in particular, should focus more on the loss of natural capital, which is inherently unsustainable and the temporal effects of environmental harm, which affects current and future generations. The explosive combination of consumption, population growth and production are said to be causing current environmental global problems. Conclusion From the analysis and review of literature, the report shows that regulatory intervention can have adverse effects on economic efficiency. These negative effects are partly a result of the effects of regulation on entrepreneurship, however a large percentage of the effects arise from the impacts of regulation on competition. Some regulatory tendencies tend to act as bureaucratic red tape to free business operation not only in theory but also in practice. Because of this, the number of new companies joining the market post-regulation is significantly reduced thereby reducing even further the competitive pressures. Even though regulation is aimed at rectifying market failures and promoting the interests of the public, it is worth noting that at times a trade off occurs between the goals that regulation seeks to achieve and economic efficiency. Excessive regulation can significantly limit competition and prevent enterprise. For this reason, regulation policies must be scrutinized in detail and thoroughly considered. Theoretically, competition eases when economic efficiency is negatively affected. When competition is reduced, price cost margins become higher because existing companies in the market possess more market power. This leads to reduced efficiency in allocation. Such a situation can also lead to a reduction in production efficiency. Similarly, if competitive pressures are reduced, the long-run dynamic efficiency of firms in the industry will be affected as they will have limited incentive to remain innovative. From the review of various economic research studies that looked into the practical effects of regulatory intervention, it is clear that regulation affects entrepreneurship across countries. From the findings, there is increased burden associated with regulatory intervention. The burden is felt in terms of limited consumer choices, high prices, and reduced economic activities. Findings from international research equally indicate that negatively affects the distribution of a companys size in the market. Increased regulation gives an upper hand to the big firms in the market leading to reduced competitive pressures. From a macro-economic perspective, the effects of greater regulation have the potential to limit competition in the whole econ omy. This leads to reduced productivity, increases unemployment, and limits economic growth and development. This report equally evaluated the role of entrepreneurship in the economy. The dynamic nature of entrepreneurship is a major driver of innovation, competition, and improvement in efficiency levels across all sectors of the economy. In addition, the important role played by entrepreneurs is evidenced by the fact that they their greater participation has given rise to increased economic growth in developed economies. This is more evident in knowledge based economies like the United Kingdom. Evidence from the United Kingdom indicates that the UK performs better relative to other developed countries in terms of regulation and ease of doing business. However, the country has begun experiencing significant challenges. Given the competitive nature of the global business environment, the United Kingdom is losing ground according to several latest rankings. Worse still, the United Kin gdom National Audit Office has often has often expressed dissatisfaction on the degree to which the countys regulatory impact assessment effectively addresses the economic effects of regulatory intervention. There is need for a thorough consideration on the effects of specific regulatory policies on public interests. The findings from this report clearly highlight that both theory and practice indicate the potential adverse effects that regulation continues to develop in the economy. Governments should ensure that they create attractive business environment in which companies of all sizes can thrive. To do this, governments must work towards addressing the incidence of regulatory burden especially on small and medium enterprises. An organization could be valued based on the price of its assets on the market at the given period. It is vital for investors and other stakeholders in an organization to know the value of the firm as it helps in establishing their willingness to invest in the firm and establishing ling term ties with the organization. In a fair market, the price of the assets of an organization are usually not predetermined, but determined through the bargain between the buyers that are able to purchase them and the sellers that are able and willing to sell them. For fairness to exist, there should be not party at an advanatage as both parties are expected to be knowledgeable about the market with information symmetry being fulfilled. Similarly, the management of a given firm should be aware of the value of the organization in the market in order to avoid any overpricing the company’s assets or under-pricing them as this could result in negative outcomes (Craig 2000, p. 357). In some cases where an organization does not know the value of the assets of the firm, a professional appraiser is employed. The person has the duty of establishing advising the management of the firm on the current value of the firm and its assets in the market. In order to determine the company’s value in the market, he or she could compare the firm to other similar organizations in the market to establish the reasonable price that the assets of the company could go for in the market. Despite the establishment of the value of the assets of the firm in the market, the price of the assets could be affected by various factors thereby enabling their change. Some of the factors include improved brand of the company and a positive reputation of the firm resulting from improved quality, corporate responsibility or customer care. The benefits of a good reputation of an organization is that it increases the goodwill of the firm while the quality of the company’s brand could be improved through innovativeness and increased skilled employees in the firm. The overall effect is the increase in demand of the product or services of the firm hence the financial performance of the company. The improvement of the performance of the organization could be easily captured and reflected in the balance sheet of the company among other financial reports. Therefore, the stakeholders of BBA can find vital information on the balance sheet of the company concerning the company’s net worth and debt among other information relevant to their interests such as the level of inventory. List of References Ardagna, S Lusardi, A 2008, Explaining international differences in entrepreneurship: the role of individual characteristics and regulatory constraints, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge. Baldwin, R, Cave, M Lodge, M 2012, Understanding regulation, Oxford University Press, New York. BBC News 2011, BAA to sell Edinburgh Airport over competition rules, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-15367555 BBC News 2011a, BAA told by Competition Commission to sell two airports, https://www.bbc.com/news/business-12903669 Ciccone, A Papaioannou, E 2007, Red tape and delayed entry, Journal of the European Economic Association, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 444-458. Da Silva Martins, L Paula, S 2007, Indicators for measuring entrepreneurship: A proposal for a scoreboard, Industry and Higher Education, vol. 21, no.1, pp.85-97. Dobos, I 2007, Tradable permits and production-inventory strategies of the firm. European Commission 2008, Think small first-a small business act for Europe, Brussels Com, vol.4, pp. 394. ICAEW/Grant Thorton 2012, Q2 2012 business confidence monitor results, ICAEW / Grant Thornton Business Confidence Monitor, vol.4, pp.2-4. Lee, R Stallworthy, M 2012, From the criminal to the consensual: The shifting mechanisms of environmental regulation in Coggon, Cambridge University Press, London. Solomon, M 2008, Law and governance in the 21st century regulatory state, Texas Law Review, vol. 86, pp.819-834.

Adaptation the Movie Is Based Around the Character Charlie Kaufman Essays

Adaptation the Movie Is Based Around the Character Charlie Kaufman Essays Adaptation the Movie Is Based Around the Character Charlie Kaufman Essay Adaptation the Movie Is Based Around the Character Charlie Kaufman Essay Jessica Layton HUMS 250 Fall 2011 November 8, 2011 Throughout this paper I will be analyzing a scene from the movie Adaptation. The movie is based around the character Charlie Kaufman and his struggle to write a screen play for the book â€Å"The Orchid Thief,† written by the character Susan Orlean. This movie shows us Charlie writing the screenplay, while it also shows Susan writing the book, through the use of flashbacks. We learn through interviews in the movie, that a man named John Laroche, the man who owned the orchid nursery, inspired the book. In this scene, John and Susan are speaking on the phone about what happened to John’s nursery. We learn that a car accident has killed his mother and uncle and put his wife in a coma. When she awoke, she divorced him and as â€Å"karma† for what happened, a hurricane came and destroyed everything and wiped out all of his orchids. This scene has many different elements that bring the whole scene together so that you really feel and understand the emotions and significance of the story. This clip is full of many different emotions and uses different lighting to portray those feelings. During the flashback, we see the use of natural light. The car acts as a reflector board, softening the lighting on the characters as they back out of the driveway. As John and Susan speak to one another, we notice that the lighting in their rooms is very soft and low-key. This kind of lighting for this shot portrays the seriousness and tragic emotions of this scene. Susan’s lighting is located behind her and very soft. The soft lighting is used to focus the attention on the character making everything around her out of focus. Having the lighting in the back of Susan creates depth in the shot, separating her from her surroundings and accentuating her. When the shot moves to John, we see the location of the light is from above. While he is answering Susan’s question, the angle of the camera and the lighting create the feeling of vulnerability and sadness. This type of lighting is also being used in the hospital room shot, where the overhead light is focused on his wife showing her desperation. This whole clip is shot in a tight, closed frame. The characters don’t have the room to move around. The proximities of these shots vary from character to character. Every shot that Susan is in is shot as medium-close up. This helps the audience see her expressions as they go from intrigued to find out the story behind his orchid nursery to showing the sympathy and grief she feels for John’s story. In contrast to her shot and expressions, the way John is shot reflects the expressions of Susan. When we first see John in this clip, we see him in a medium long shot. After the first flashback shot, we see him as a close up shot, helping to show his expressions and vulnerability. Editing in this clip is very important. The use of flashback helps the audience understand what has happened to the nursery and why he no longer has one. When the clip begins we hear Susan ask the question â€Å" what ever happened to the nursery? † John’s response leads up to the flashback to the day that his uncle and mother died in the car crash and the hurricane coming through. Their conversation is edited by using what is called intercutting. This type of editing shows the action of the two characters talking as one single scene rather than two different scenes. This way of editing shows the reactions of each character as if they are in the same setting. The characters used in this film are professional actors and well known. In this specific scene, Meryl Streep and Chris Cooper play Susan Orlean and John Laroche. The portrayals by these two actors are very realistic. The story behind the scene and the reaction of the characters is very realistic. Their emotions can be felt through their facial expressions. For example, when Susan first asks John what happened, we see that it brings bad memories for him. He becomes very uneasy and we see his facial expression become very upset. After he tells her the story, we see that her facial expressions have gone from intrigued to sympathetic and upset. We also see how their costumes and settings further help to define their characters and their personalities. We see Meryl Streep in a nice nightgown and nice room with a big comfortable bed. When the scene switches to Chris Coopers character we see him wearing a flannel shirt unbuttoned with jeans lying on an old couch. Each character portrays a different level of the social class stereotypes of upper and lower middle class. Meryl Streep’s character is very sleek and put together even when she is lying in bed, while Chris Cooper’s character is very rough looking. In this short scene, we see how many different elements that are put into making a movie. Just by changing the lighting, dressing the characters in certain clothing and how a shot is framed, can impact how emotions can be portrayed to create the overall feel of a scene. After seeing the whole movie it helps to better understand the characters and the emotions behind what is being portrayed on the screen in this scene.

The Research Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Research Project - Essay Example By identification, the group members are proud to be associated with the group, are willing to inform people from the outside that they are participants of the group, and perceive the goals and purpose that the team or the group pursues as their own. Cohesive teams or groups have minimal turnover in membership. A group becomes more cohesive when it can maintain the core members for a long time compared to a group with high member turnover. Participant’s membership detainment may translate to satisfaction in the group. It shows that the members value the association, are receiving benefits from group’s participation, and have invested money or time significantly in the group (Hunziker et al., 2011). When a group is cohesive, there is effective attainment of goals, high quality and quantity of communication and the group exerts significant influence over its members. Conformity, defined as going along, is demonstrated when members neglect a particular position opposed to other team or group members to the advantage of the view of the majority. The abandonment, also called conforming, can happen due do a variety of reasons including emotional or logical persuasion, time constraints, perceiving that continued argument is futile and coercion. If members of the group conform to group’s greater benefits, then the group’s potentials are reached with minimal resistance (Hunziker et al., 2011). Hunziker, S., Johansson, A. C., Tschan, F., Semmer, N. K., Rock, L., Howell, M. D., & Marsch, S. (2011). Teamwork and leadership in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 57(24),

Marketing plan as the main part of the business strategy Essay

Marketing plan as the main part of the business strategy - Essay Example Markets and products have become extremely fragmented. There are hundreds of special-interest magazines, for example, each targeted to a very specific market segment. It's the same with restaurants, cars and retail clothing stores, just to name a few industries. Positioning your product competitively requires an understanding of this fragmented market. Not only must you be able to describe your product, you must also be able to describe your competitor's product and show why yours is better. Positioning your product involves two steps. First, analyze your product's features, and decide how they differentiate your product from its competitors. Second, decide what type of buyer is most likely to purchase your product. Pricing and placement are critical to competitive positioning. In today's marketing culture, pricing cannot be separated from the product. Take grocery stores, for example. The full-service supermarket is still the most popular form of grocery distribution. But today, busy families want faster service and more convenience, even if it means higher prices. As a result, convenience stores, home delivery services, personal shoppers and takeout restaurants have proliferated. At the same time, warehouse grocery retailing has also increased. Warehouse stores cater to customers who prefer low prices to convenience. Describe your target customer. Developing a profile of your target customer is the second step in an effective marketing plan. You can describe customers in terms of demographics-age, sex, family composition, earnings and geographical location-as well as lifestyle. Ask: Are my customers conservative or innovative Leaders or followers Timid or aggressive Traditional or modern Introverted or extroverted How often do they purchase what I offer How much of it at a time Are there peak buying periods or times of the year when people won't buy my product or service Conclusion The simple truth is that the type of ad that pays off immediately will work less and less well the longer you keep running it. And the ad that will make customers think of you immediately when they need what you sell (true branding) usually doesn't begin showing any encouraging results for at least some weeks. These are the ads that will work better and better the longer you keep running them. But most advertisers will cancel these ads after some weeks. The thing to remember when developing your marketing plan is that you're not looking for what works. Every type of advertising works to one degree or another. What you're looking for is the best long-term use of your ad budget. Then you have to develop an advertising message within your marketing plan. The questions you're trying to answer are these: "What do we need to say to the customer and how often do we need to say it And which media will give us the most efficient long-term

The American Revolution as a European Movement Essay Example for Free

The American Revolution as a European Movement Essay The American Revolution was and always will be the most important piece of history for the United States of America. It was definitely revolutionary. The Enlightenment of the eighteenth century was one of these paradigm historical shifts, challenging the traditional notions of authority by investing reason with the power to change the human condition for the better. The Enlightenment also shows that the American’s colonies were influenced by European ideals and political developments, and in turn the American’s colonies also influence Europe. Across the Atlantic, the Enlightenment had a profound impact on the English colonies in America and ultimately on the infant nation of the United States. â€Å"The Enlightenment challenged the role of religion and divine right and this helped Colonial America to see that it was possible to challenge the King and divine right. The movement challenged the role of God and allowed people to see that they were important and had the ability to shape their own lives. (â€Å"The Great Awakening†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , Journal) In many ways, the new United States was the Enlightenment, for its leaders could actually implement many of the ideas that European philosophers could only talk idly about. First, the Enlightenment helped to shape the colonies was in terms of religion. With the Great Awakening came a new understanding of America’s early relationship to God and the Church. Instead of one all-powerful church that almost required membership, Protestant ideals based on Enlightenment principles of free will and freedom from institutions allowed people to choose membership in a church rather than be forced into one. Although during the Enlightenment there was a very secular focus, in America this was not the case. The colonies were still very religious but they used the ideas of their freedom to choose that were based on the Enlightenment. Instead of being tied to one religious authority, there were many choices in the colonies and people had a right to choose how to establish and maintain their connection to God. Much of what colonists wanted to do with politics had a greater influence coming from Britain. Philosophers like Thomas Hobbes and John Locke both had great influence on American thinkers, with Locke being the more influential as Hobbes solution was not the thing the American founders wanted. Locke was far more optimistic, stating that all humans were capable and that they strove for the betterment of the world. John Locke believed that natural laws say that every person has certain basic rights, and he argued passionately for freedom of religion. He wrote that every person has the natural right to defend his â€Å"life, health, liberty or possessions. John Locke argued that because we have so much doubt about so many things, each person should have as much freedom as possible. Because we really don’t know the best way to organize and improve our society, all people should make their own decisions about what they want to do with their own lives. When Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, he echoed Locke, writing about â€Å"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness have become the central themes of American Revolutionary philosophy. † (Morton, Joseph C, 143) The American Revolution had much influence beyond the political boundary of the new nation. Many liberal movements in Europe took heart from the accomplishment of the American Declaration of Independence, the war itself, and the creation of a new government to replace the British rule over the old colonies. Many peoples wished to either overthrow the idea of monarchy or, at least, establish a constitutional monarchy. The French Revolution was inspired by many of the ideals of the American Revolution When the French people heard of the revolt in America they realized they didnt have to live under tyranny. They started the revolution in hopes of becoming an independent country. The French fought alongside the Americans against the English to accomplish a democratic, independent nation and the declaration of independence France was bankrupt at the time, so the people were very poor. Meanwhile they saw their monarchs in all their wealth and began to see them as tyrants. The stories of the French soldiers that had fought in America, like the Marquis de Lafayette, loved the American notion of liberty and began to support similar reforms in France. As James mentioned â€Å"Lafayette was one of the first people to advocate a National Assembly, and he worked to make France a constitutional monarchy. †(James) Revolutionary ideas turned into real plans of attack. They wanted to rid themselves of a monarchy ruled by the royals, clergy and aristocrats. In conclusion, Enlightenment thinking, economics, and geography all helped in some way toward an American revolution. Also, Enlightenment thinking helps the American colonists to know what they want in a government.

Walking a Difficult Line: Taking a Look at Borderline Personality Disor

Walking a Difficult Line: Taking a Look at Borderline Personality Disorder Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) live a difficult existence. These are people for whom maintaining normal interpersonal relationships, controlling anger, suffer from extreme self-doubt and drastic mood swings, among other symptoms. They comprise only 2% of the population, but have a disorder which the psychiatric and scientific communities have trouble acknowledging, and great difficulty treating. (4) Individuals suffering from BPD suffer a range of symptoms which include the following: dramatic mood changes, depression, irritability, uncontrollable anger, negative impulsiveness (which includes reckless sex, substance abuse, binging), suicidal feelings, self-mutilation, extreme self-doubt about one’s capabilities. (6)(3) They also experience a kind of heightened awareness of their environment and thus are overly stimulated by it. (1) In addition to these and other symptoms, individuals with BPD often suffer from other mental disorders – such as depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders – as well, making their BPD difficult to diagnose. (4) There is a great mystery surrounding the causes of all mental disorders, and this is also the case with BPD. Psychologists and scientists believe that it is both a biological and psychological disease, and that BPD as an illness is closely related to depression more than schizophrenia, which had been the previous thoug h. Experts have also believe that attention-deficit disorders could be a cause factor, as well as childhood abuse or neglect. (6) Many people suffering from BPD experience very strong feelings of abandonment by parents, family and friends, that can be triggered by an inci... ...lineresearch.org/ 4) National Institute of Mental Health, BPD article "Raising Questions, Finding Answers" http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/bpd.cfm 5) National Institute of Mental Health , BPD article "Concept for Borderline Personality Disorder Initiative in FY 2003" research initiative http://www.nimh.nih.gov/council/cncptcuthbert_901.cfm 6) National Alliance for the Mentally Ill site on BPD http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=By_Illness&Template=/TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfm&TPLID=54&ContentID=23040 7) Dr. Linehan’s DBT course of treatment ("A Promising Treatment...") http://www.mclean.harvard.edu/psychupdate/psyupI-3.htm More Information: 8) More basic information on BPD http://www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?id=476&type=doc&cn=Personality%20Disorders 9) More information on DBT (treatment) http://www.priory.com/dbt.htm

English Translation of Chinese Neologisms from the Perspective

1. Introduction Language is dynamic. Every day there are new words coming into use in languages and there are many others fading away from lexicon. Chinese, one of the oldest languages in the world, still possesses this dynamism. Language serves as a tool of communication and interaction, thus it reflects the social changes, and meanwhile social changes find their expressions in language, which leads to the advent of neologisms. The appearances of new inventions, new technologies, new ideas and new social phenomena are capable of bringing neologisms into languages.In the twentieth century, Chinese neologism has undergone three stages: the first stage was from 1919, after the May 4th Movement; the second stage was from the establishment of People’s Republic of China to 1978; the third stage began with the policy of reform and opening-up. Entering into the new century, the development of society has hasted their paces and the communication between centuries becomes more frequent . Language is witnessing the changes. During recent years, an increasing number of new words has been adopted into Chinese.Therefore, as the translator, he or she shoulders the responsibility of translating the new words properly in order to convey the Chinese culture to other countries, and this has proved to be a great challenge. Though there are many dictionaries and handbooks which study Chinese neologisms and the translation of Chinese neologisms, the study of neologism translation is far from enough. This thesis will discuss the translation strategies in order to accomplish the translation of Chinese neologisms efficiently by adopting the theoretical foundation of Eugene A.Nida’s Functional Equivalence. The thesis is divided into six parts. The first part is introduction; the second part focuses on the origins and characteristics of Chinese neologism; the third part puts its emphasis on the theoretical basis—Functional Equivalence, which was proposed by the famou s American translation theorist Eugene A. Nida; the fourth part discusses the respective translation strategies under the guidance of the translation theory. The fifth part talks about the existing problems in neologism translation and how to solve these problems.Last part is a conclusion of the whole thesis. Neologisms emerged in the new century especially new words of 2008 will be adopted as main examples, because they are endowed with fresher and richer contents and reflect the characteristics of new era more evidently. The examples and their translations are quoted mainly from China Daily, Global Times and official translation versions of political documents. This thesis will not specify the respective source of each neologism.

Antwone Fisher Essay

Antwone Fisher is a young man with anger and temperament issues associated with childhood interpretation of physical and emotional abuse caused by the authoritarian figures of his family. Self-image and true self have been challenged, but the Navy as various events trigger tragic memories from the past. A psychiatrist played by Denzel Washington accepts the challenge to assist human development through various methods and intervention techniques. Furthermore, intervention helps to remove the layers of negative emotion and can be accomplished if the right counselor assists with proper intervention techniques. Carl Rogers theorized the importance of looking at â€Å"self†. He drew a distinction between the self perception and the perception of the â€Å"Ideal-self. There are organized patterns associated with the established one self or the many selves. The â€Å"phenomenal field of the individual includes both unconscious and conscious perceptions, including those of which an individual is aware and is not aware (Pervin p. 172). Focus is on providing avenues to consciousness, as the means to a healthy functional individual. Antwone’s self-image is buried in painful memories and unchecked past emotional events. Rogerian Theory seems to be based in self image. It provides a basis for understanding, evaluating, and providing the appropriate intervention. Gordon Allport’sTheory Rationale Functional Autonomy derives from the notion of healthy and well-organized aspects of human behavior. Traits are the basis of and most important aspect of personality, and they are seated in the nervous system. They represent generalized personality dispositions that account for regularities in the functioning of a person across situations and over time (Pervin p. 32). Antwone’s predictable pattern of behavior becomes traits controlled by his changing emotional state. When a memory challenges the nervous system, he makes irrational emotional unhealthy decisions. Allport’s theory application may reveal more options to understanding the root cause of aggressiveness and angry outbursts. Character Description Antwone Fisher was born in an Ohio prison (his mother was an inmate; his father was shot dead before his birth) and grew up in an abusive foster home in Cleveland. Beaten and often kept tied in the basement, Fisher ran away when he was seventeen and had to face life on the streets. Antwone joined the Navy only to find he was fighting to save himself from insult and to help preserve his pride. Antwone progressively becomes a healthy young man after a psychiatrist helps remove layers of anger and pain based memories. Character Analysis Structure- Antwone Fisher’s character is wrapped up in pressure associated with memories of a mother in prison, a father killed by his girlfriend, abandonment, and physical, emotional, and sexual maltreatment. He was placed in a foster home with his half-brothers. The pastor beat the light-skinned boy for having too much pride. Mrs. Tate tied Antwone’s hands behind his back and beat him unconscious and threatened to burn him with an open fire. She would create division between them while using skin color and the degrading terms. Antwone was the middle child. In the Navy, Antwone was a loner. He constantly went inside to find answers to his past. His treatment as a child stemmed from slave-based disciplinary practiced by Mrs. Tate. His character begins to be formed according to the daily exposure to verbal and mental lashings from her. His self-worth in her eyes amounts to nothing. His submissive behavior is degrading and subservient. He is chastised every step of his childhood into his teen years until he finally puts an end to the beating. There is no reward for good behavior. He even pokes fun at Dr. Davenport (Played by Denzel Washington) while making a mockery of his intervention suggestions. Denzel again reverts to memories from his past and the feelings associated with self-perception. Confusion after making an attempt to straighten-up drives him away from seeking more attention from the psychiatrist. He just wants to be a good shipman, but continues to find a problem with anger. Process He has to find himself before he can find his ideal-self. He realizes through the help of Dr. Davenport that he can change. He tries to find a trust based relationship to compare thoughts and feelings to his own. Establishing relationships may be difficult when internal issues have not been resolved; He wants to impress his woman friend but cannot find the words to begin a caring relationship. Denzel role plays away some of the perceived self-critical behavior to instill confidence. There is a growing consensus about the relationship between personality traits and emotional states, biological theorists of adult personality are exchanging ideas with theorists of childhood temperament, and long-term studies of personality development across the life span are delivering on the promises made many years ago William Revelle; Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 46, 1995, p. 1). Antwone finds incongruence between his perceived self image and his true self image. Dealing with emotional baggage and the inexperience of having the ability to build and maintain a lasting relationship can distort feelings and create confusion. Growth and Development Growth continues during the date with Cheryl as she points out things about his appearance that she finds attractive. His character develops as he shares himself in a way never before experienced. His self-worth grows as he overcomes fear to be â€Å"himself† as he lowers defenses and builds a relationship. He also looks to his psychiatrist the same night for validation and confirmation as he shares his first kiss experience. This appears to be the first time that lowering defenses and trusting his feelings creates a self-worth like never before. Personality theories attempt to account for individual behavior. The scope of such theories is vast. (Revelle, p. 1). Antwone is trying to be nice, but finds it difficult when provoked to anger. Dr. Davenport employs empathy as a way to meet Antwone where before moving quickly ahead. Affective level understanding creates an environment of trust and deeper understanding. Any attempt to withhold judgment and establish rapport assists greatly in growth rate and early development. In sensing the private world of a client, the counselor or therapist attempts to convey an empathic understanding of the person’s experiencing. Through a sensitive attunement, an individual is able to empathically sense his or her own subjective internal state. In an immediate context, a person’s reactions assume the form of hunches and a flow of inner feelings. In this mode, experiencing includes such reactions as love, hate, enjoyment, boredom, sensing, and perceiving. As a basic way of knowing, experiencing subjective responses is fundamental to everyday life. Empathy: Implications of Three Ways of Knowing in Counseling Journal article by Arthur J. Clark; Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development, Vol. 43, 2004, p. 1). Carl Rogers (1964) described 3 ways of knowing with reference to empathic understanding: subjective, interpersonal, and objective. Dr. Davenport questions Antwone about his family life after he was thrown out of Mrs. Tate’s house. He talks about going back to the orphanage to develop his social skills. It’s what happens when empathy becomes a part of the process. Dr.  Davenport uses a line of questioning based in empathetic understanding. The centrality of understanding the private perceptual world of a person from an interpersonal perspective is a recurring theme in the writings of Rogers. Thus, the direction of an individual’s empathy is toward another person in an effort to grasp his or her phenomenological functioning. (p. 1). Institutionalized incarceration lacks sensitivity and empathy. The penal system and rehabilitation process formalize a different skill set and can impede growth and development. From reform school to a men’s shelter to living on the street creates a survival response and an identity vacuum and a need for understanding and belonging. Keep in mind the basis of the Roger’s approach is, to enact empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard (An Analysis of How Carl Rogers Enacted Client-Centered Conversation with Gloria Journal article by Scott A. Wickman, Cynthia Campbell; Journal of Counseling and Development, Vol. 81, 2003, p. 1). Antwone begins to show a trend of behaviors with anticipated responses. His motives are driven by basic human needs for survival. His dysfunctional past needs to be replaced with more productive behavior. Antwone’s park bench experiences before joining the Navy have to be considered in the same way Gordon Allport suggests personality and trait development tied to the environment. Antwone is very conscious of his reaction and responses to people and events in the environment. Antwone, a nice person, may be misunderstood and misjudged because of the trait behaviors associated with anger and violence. Allport surveys of personality psychology included discussions of such concepts as defense mechanisms, self, and identification. Shoring up the SASB Bridge between Personality Theory and Clinical Psychology Journal article by Jerry S. Wiggins; Psychological Inquiry, Vol. 5, 1994. 3 pgs, p. 3). Antwone employs each concept on the road to becoming a balanced healthy, functioning young man. Allport’s theory suggests growth or development of personality is equally important. Regardless of whether one favors traits or motives, many of the questions driving personality psychology are developmental: How do people develop the trait of sociability (or the need for achievement)? At what developmental period does this trait (need) emerge? When are the critical periods during which the trait (need) is expressed? Is sociability (need for achievement) stable from one developmental period to the next, and, if not, what factors are responsible for those changes? How does being high in sociability (need for achievement) shape the individual’s life path (Traits and Types, Dynamics and Development: No Doors Should Be Closed in the Study of Personality, Journal article by Oliver P. John, Richard W. Robins; Psychological Inquiry, Vol. 5, 1994. 6 pgs, p. 140)? Psychopathology The development of psychological theory tends to oscillate between optimistic advances and self-critical analyses and retrenchment (William Revelle; Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 46, 1995, p. 1). Antwone employs defense mechanisms to preserve his client/patient relationship with Dr. Davenport. His regression begins when he recalls the memory of his old friend tricks him into committing a crime. During the crime his best friend is killed. Self-maintenance becomes an issue as he recalls how many people in life have left him. He believes Dr. Davenport is determined to leave him after making him an extended member of the family. His high level of trust and sense of belonging gives way to loss and suffering. He’s willing to do almost anything to hold on to certainty in his life. Optimism crashes and retrenchment occurs as the feelings of loss become incongruent with the memory of his friends blood splatter across his face. His friend Jesse fed him when he was hungry and died during a botched robbery the next day. Believing the death relieved Jesse from fighting anymore, increases the feeling of abandonment, letdown and pain associated with accepting the last session with Dr.  Davenport. Internal and External Factors Internally something is missing. Self-concept and self-actualization cannot occur unless he is reunited with his past. As most counselors know very well, person-centered theory and therapy began with and evolved from the thinking, research, and practice of Carl Ransom Rogers (The Development and Evolution of Person-Centered Expressive Art Therapy: A Conversation with Natalie Rogers Journal article by John Sommers-Flanagan; Journal of Counseling and Development, Vol. 85, 2007, p. 1). Carl Rogers was raised by parents under one roof. The integration of person-centered principles and art is a natural combination of her parents’ most distinct qualities (p. 1). Antwone Fisher’s parents were non-existent. Internal and external support was missing therefore disrupting self-centered support. Much like Dr, Davenport, Roger’s interactions with clients were like small miracles of compassionate understanding and communication†. Carl Rogers believed that the relationship between therapist and client facilitates emotional and psychological healing. As counselors we often see ourselves in the same situations as our clients. For some reason, the need to remain ethical and subjective creates a gap in reality as our own defense mechanisms preserve internal wellness. The therapeutic atmosphere produces positive changes when unconditional positive regard supersedes poor judgment and inflexibility. When our practiced behavior becomes predictable, we become trait driven and predictable which often leads to in effective counseling alternatives. Pervin’s analysis and critique of personality-trait research rests on the assumption that the five-factor model (FFM), and trait models more generally, should fulfill all the goals of a complete theory of personality (Traits and Types, Dynamics and Development: No Doors Should Be Closed in the Study of personality Journal article by Oliver P. John, Richard W. Robins; Psychological Inquiry, Vol. 5, 1994. 6 pgs. , p137) In a summary statement about the nature of this relationship, the whole person remains fragmented until explanations associated with internal messages match externally. Antwone had to trace his family history for answers to self image, self-esteem, and the ideal self. Throughout the movie, he is polite, articulate, and very well-balanced in a trusting and loving environment. When the memories were released and support from his girlfriend prevailed, gradually the â€Å"real† Antwone Fisher began to take shape and grow. How can one become person centered and grow when completeness is rooted in deteriorating external information? Conclusion Communicating genuiness and unconditional positive self-regard is the key to breaking down the walls and destroying the defenses of a troubled and angry client. When a negative self image impeded growth and development, the counselor must build trust, establish rapport and utilize empathy effectively. Providing a safe environment and a loving and caring ethical and professional relationship with your client are the keys to successful intervention. Carefully choosing the process and defining reasonable goals assist in the healing process on the way to independence. Looking into a mirror and defining the meaning of self and the perceived ideal self may be incongruent occasionally. Self-talk can be detrimental and harmful when discouragement follows as a result of unanswered questions about the self and the past. When life becomes puzzling and negative behaviors overshadow self-perception, the counselor must provide a way to trace behaviors to the root cause. Rogers and Allport provide reasonable theories on personality development to help achieve successful and healthy lives. We must also consider the internal and external factors associated with changes in behavior as they impact behavioral changes. Antwone Fisher returned to the environment of his past abusive childhood and confronted the abusers before moving ahead. Three sessions may not be adequate for long-term care and permanent change. Being flexible with healthy boundaries throughout the intervention process, may reveal our own shortcomings as we attempt to stay the course. Antwone Fisher and Commander Davenport established an amazing, growing, and client-centered relationship. The outcome proves that independent and healthy living can be facilitated on both sides when unconditional positive regard prevails.

The Word of the Year for 2012

The Word of the Year for 2012 The Word of the Year for 2012 The Word of the Year for 2012 By Mark Nichol Each year, the major dictionary companies trot out their choice for Word of the Year and its runner-ups, based partly on search frequency and partly on staff consensus. Note that these words are selected not for their staying power Words of the Year often fade into obscurity but for the significance of their usage in a given year. Merriam-Webster’s 2012 Word of the Year is a toss-up between capitalism and socialism, reflecting the controversy and debates about universal health care and discussion about the comparative government systems in the United States and in much of Europe. These words are straightforward except that they’re not: Capitalism is fraught with negative connotations (and not just by those who oppose the system), and many Americans, as an unfortunately lingering artifact of the Red Menace of the mid-twentieth century, confuse socialism (the concept, not the word) with communism and fear both even though the US government system, like many European ones, is irrevocably infused with socialistic components. Dictionary.com’s choice is bluster, which means â€Å"loud, swaggering, often empty boasts, threats, or other comments† an appropriate term, considering the unusually contentious political climate in the United States over the last year. The American arm of the Oxford Dictionaries chose GIF (pronounced â€Å"jif† and standing for â€Å"graphics interchange format†), thanks to the ubiquity of GIFs, simple animations consisting of a looped series of images, employed to humorous effect but also in scientific models and other contexts. They’re not new, but their place in popular culture has recently been elevated by the ease with which they are created. The selection by editors at Oxford University Press’s UK headquarters is omnishambles, which denotes a thoroughly mismanaged situation notable for a chain of errors. The sense is similar to the American English acronyms fubar and snafu, which originated among service personnel inspired with an ironic nod toward the military’s propensity for describing bureaucratic phenomena with abbreviations. (For the record, fubar stands for â€Å"fouled up beyond all recognition,† and snafu is an acronym for â€Å"situation normal all fouled up† except that I’ve substituted fouled for another word starting with f, as do many others who cater to their own or others’ delicate sensibilities when they spell these terms out.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Coordinating vs. Subordinating ConjunctionsAmong vs. AmongstMood vs. Tense

dying to be thin essays

dying to be thin essays In todays society an increasing number of girls experience blows to their self-esteem and even develop eating disorders due to the medias influence. The main source of these self-esteem blows are fashion magazines, as well as TV characters. The age of girls being influenced by the media is getting younger and younger. Studies have shown that pre-pubescent girls as young as four or five are concerned with their body weight. This concern is often as extreme as feelings of guilt, shame and complete distortion of body image. Studies show, that these self-destructive feelings are often due to the medias influence. Destructive and negative feelings about ones body can lead to eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia . Some characteristics of one who suffers from anorexia include: losing a significant amount of weight, fearing weight gain, continuing to diet although thin, feeling overweight even after significant weight loss, losing monthly menstruation, preferring to di! et in isolation, binging and purging and preoccupation with food, calories and nutrition. Danger sings of bulimia include Binging or eating uncontrollably, and abusing laxatives or diuretics (Effects pg.2-3). By parading very thin women in sexy clothing with boys falling at their feet, the media is sending the message to young impressionable girls that boys will like you if you have a good body. This type of message then can lead to eating disorders in girls as young as nine or ten. With so many different types of fashion magazines to choose from, young girls and women alike find themselves consulting magazines to discover what beauty is; what these woman often find is pages of impossibly thin models. These magazines claim to define beauty and then proceed to do so using a single, specific body type. Though fashion magazines and teen magazines are aimed at teenagers and woman, the age group that reads ...

Joseph Ellis's Founding Brothers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Joseph Ellis's Founding Brothers - Essay Example The Eminent Victorians which was a similar account of narration amongst English notables. Furthermore, the book is a result of a rigorous analysis of the events which followed the 1787 constitutional convention of the United States to reflect how history was made during the time when the circumstances were rather contingent. The central idea of the book is to demonstrate the conflicting interpretations of the concept of American Revolution by the rival parties; whereby explaining that the State of America was a product of collective decision making between diverse personalities who believed in contrasting ideology yet they succeeded to overcome their differences due to various reasons. Thus, Ellis has focused on the thoughts and dialogues of John Adams, Abigail, Aaron, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and George Washington where the book has been sectioned according to the themes being portrayed. The thesis of the book i.e. contrasting ideologies at war during the time converging eventually has been depicted convincingly in the book. Ellis begins with carefully conceptualizing the revolutionary domains as interpreted by each individual. He explains that though it seemed as if end of the British colonialism was inevitable yet due to the stark contrast in ideas, there was a high chance that American Revolution may turn out to be a failed experiment. He also argues that the contrast in ideologies is still prevalent in the American discourse. He argued that Thomas Jefferson wanted to interpret the revolution as a rebellion aimed at reducing the impact of centralized state, however, Hamilton aimed at characterizing the revolution as a product of livery thus favoring federation. John Adams as well as George Washington was favoring the stance of Hamilton. To conclude how the issue was resolved, Ellis mentions various episodes. For instance, ‘The Duel’ highlights the

The History on my Japanese Dish Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The History on my Japanese Dish - Research Paper Example uch as French fries or French rolls, bacons and hamburgers as uniquely American or English, pizza, spaghetti or pepperoni cheese as Italian and so it is with the Japanese, with their food. History of chopsticks – Asian culinary culture and history is closely intertwined with the development and spread of chopsticks. These so-called sticks are actually two pieces that are about 9-10 inches in length and rectangular in shape, used to pick up small pieces of food. These first originated in China some 5,000 years ago and most probably was invented by the people who first used branch twigs to pick out hot food from a pot, since they cannot wait any longer for cooked food to cool down a bit (must have been really hungry already!). Using the chopsticks requires a degree of manual dexterity, as food could easily fall off or slide down in the process of picking it up and putting it into the mouth. Eating using chopsticks means to eat from a bowl because it cannot possibly be used to handle soups, so the bowl makes it easier to just gulp down the soup or any liquid while using the chopsticks to scrape for solid tidbits. Japanese chopsticks – the Japanese are an enterprising and innovative people. They are quick learners too, and adopted the chopsticks from the Chinese, like the Koreans and the other Asian nations or cultures such as the Vietnamese and Malaysians of Chinese descent. In Japan, their chopsticks are round in shape instead of rectangular, and the lower ends are now pointed or tapered instead of being flat or blunt. Chopsticks as used in Japan are associated in their religious ceremonies and the so-called fine art of dining, together with the tea ceremony. Eating in Japan is not merely for the sake of eating to assuage hunger pangs but rather a very elaborate affair, designed to prolong the gustatory delight of savoring delicious food. Chinese chopsticks were like tweezers, as they were joined at the top but this reduces flexibility as it is being used.

Indicate a person who has had a significant influence on you, and Essay - 1

Indicate a person who has had a significant influence on you, and describe that influence - (and one extra option) - Essay Example To me, scientists are the people who really make a difference in the world. Their effort gives rise to products that the whole world makes use of and benefits from. Even if a scientist does not manage to develop a product in his life time, he leaves sufficient information for others so that they may follow him in the same footsteps and ultimately reach the goal that the deceased ever dreamt of. Benjamin W. Lee who has been a great Korean-American physicist is a source of influence for me. Coincidently, he was related to me. He died away a couple of years ago. In the period that urgently preceded his death, he had been working upon renormalization theory. Unfortunately, he could not achieve the goal he wanted to as his life ended before he could do that. Being related to him and accoutered with good scientific comprehension skills, I felt it as my responsibility to take my uncle’s mission further and complete the rest of his work. So I took it as a task. Benjamin was both my friend and tutor in scientific discussions. If there is one way I can show my respect towards him, that is by accomplishing his mission. If I am a physicist today, Benjamin W. Lee is the most dominant reason for that. He was a physical model and realization of my dream personality. I always wanted to be like him. Many of my cousins and brothers used to talk to him generally. I remember that my discussions with Benjamin were always science oriented. I knew how he started over with the renormalization theory, and what steps he had taken in its way thus far. Although I saw it as my duty to carry forward his work, I was not mature enough to do that by the time he died as I was studying. I had to build my academic career first. So I resolved to take higher education in America in Elementary Particle Physics. Since my childhood, I always found interest in Nuclear Physics. It was fundamentally because of Benjamin, that I decided to take Elementary Particle Physics as my major subject given

The office of The Presidency Essay Example for Free

The office of The Presidency Essay Arguing for a strong, central figure of authority in the American President, Alexander Hamilton made his feelings quite explicit in Federalist No. 70 that duplicity in regards to the Presidency is an undesirable position. For Hamilton, history was replete with examples of shared responsibility or rule-by-partnership which provoked tragic results. The lesson of history, according to Hamilton, was to avoid creating any discrepancy in Presidential authority while simultaneously preventing the President in an American Constitutional democracy from becoming an autocrat. Although Hamilton leaves little room for second-guessing on the topic of a duplicitous leader, his reasoning admits that his ideas are based on an understanding of human nature: Wherever two or more persons are engaged in any common enterprise or pursuit, there is always danger of difference of opinion [ ] Whenever these happen, they lessen the respectability, weaken the authority, and distract the plans and operation of those whom they divide (Hamilton). This assertion, of course, begs the question as to whether or not leaders, even in a Constitutional democracy must be expected to rise, at least to some degree, above the mean average of human impulse. A counter-argument of sorts is presented in Madisons Federalist No. 51, which should be examined in tandem with Hamiltons assertions. Hamiltons ideas about human nature may be evident in the extant history of the United States. Presidential authority within the constitutional democracy of the United States has posed a continuous and evolving potential threat to the integrity of a government formed by the people for the people. Whether by the machinations and ambitions of the personally ambitious and influential, or by an endemic tendency for all social systems to unify and in doing so, centralize authority, a pattern of political and judicial evolution toward Presidential supremacy is evident in the political history of America. The mounting supremacy of Presidential authority in the United States presents a profound and complex challenge for the present generation and the determination of exactly where and how the Presidents authority can be checked will prove to be of great consequence for the future of not only domestic, but international, affairs. Hamiltons suggestion that a robust and energetic leader is a desirable consequence in a democracy: Energy in the Executive is a leading character in the definition of good government. It is essential to the protection of the community against foreign attacks; it is not less essential to the steady administration of the laws (Hamilton), the potential for the dangerous expansion (and possible supremacy) of Presidential authority exists within the original Constitution. The executive authority given the President led many of the original framers to express reticence regarding the development of a new monarch. Some modern political scientists believe that this is exactly what is taking place now and has been taking place over the course of US political history: we have changed our constitutional democracy into a political democracy[ ] substituted an unwritten for a written constitution and a government of laws for a government of men. This means that the principles of the American Revolution, as the foundation of our constitutional system, have been destroyed and that we have returned to the principles of the British system. (Patterson, 1947, p. ) Such a dire pronouncement may seem like hyperbole, however, several key points contribute to this rather scathing indictment. First, there is the issue of national unity, a fact which modern communications, transportations, educational and economic systems have made unavoidable. Since 1789 the movement toward national unity has developed far more rapidly. In this respect, we have only followed the law of the life of nations, beginning in isolation, passing through confederation, and ending in unity. (Patterson, 1947, p. 6) Unity heralds a sole leader, rather than a confedaration of leaders. Secondly, the two-party political system has allowed for the centralization of political power within the congress. The powers necessary for presidential supremacy had first to be centralized in the Congress before the control of the Congress by the President would give him national supremacy. The President has facilitated this movement by urging the Congress to seize power to enact his policies into law and by making appointments to the Supreme Court. (Patterson, 1947, p. 7) The movement toward unity entails the expansion of the federal bureaucracy, which in turn, enhances Presidential authority. The tremendous growth in the functions of the national government have necessarily multiplied executive agents by the hundreds of thousands. The President cannot perform this multiplicity of services without authority and without an army of subordinates. (Patterson, 1947, p. 77) These factors, plus the politicization of the ensuing civil and legislative offices, greatly enhance the scope of Presidential authority. The fact that the President has become our political executive is not exclusively a result of the development of political parties though without a party system, or a party in the totalitarian sense, there could be no political executive. (Patterson, 1947, p. 84) Perhaps one of the most critical and complex issues which faced the framers of the United States constitution was that of how to limit the government and associated governmental beuracacy while ensuring that the Federal government retained enough power and authority to interpret and enforce the constitution itself. As Madison remarks in the opening lines of his now-famous Federalist #51, there can be no more urgent an issue, nor one which so directly confronts both the self-interested nature of the individual, but the self-interested nature of government itself: to what expedient, then, shall we finally resort, for maintaining in practice the necessary partition of power among the several departments, as laid down in the Constitution? (Madison, 1788). The partition of power is a key phrase and contains within it the seeds of Madison answer to his own opening, rhetorical question. Madison offers a direct and seemingly mandatory vision of how the partition of power should be best accomplished: The only answer that[ ] by so contriving the interior structure of the government as that its several constituent parts may, by their mutual relations, be the means of keeping each other in their proper places (Madison, 1788). This conclusion is commonly referred to as the system of checks and balances upon which the democracy of the United States is founded. Madisons observations in Federalist #51 are frank and founded upon concerns that the basic self-interests of human-beings, coupled with the leviathan power of the State pose the continual potential for dictatorship and the subversion of the constitution itself. In this light, there is an almost exclamatory tone to Madisons writing and there is, without a doubt, a tone of warning in the following, famous passage: But the great security against a gradual concentration of the several powers in the same department, consists in giving to those who administer each department the necessary constitutional means and personal motives to resist encroachments of the others[ Ambition must be made to counteract ambition. The interest of the man must be connected with the constitutional rights of the place. (Madison, 1788) In Colonial times, no mistake would have been about just what kind of encroachments of others Madison meant to illustrate: the potential of personal ambition to trump the idealism of a democratic government founded upon principles of liberty and equality. Similarly, the idea of connecting the interests of the individual with constitutional principles is an exceedingly complex idea, but one which would have been explicit, in consequence, to the Colonial framers of the constitution. Madison means no less than: all citizens of a democracy must put the principles of that democracy, its traditions, its institutions, laws, and integrity above their personal ambitions and self-interests. The subtext of this, of course, is that all mens self-interests are ultimately best-served by a government which enables them to live free and which enables them to pursue their self-interests to a point of true liberty; however, the maintenence of the constitution and the democratic state, which are, in actuality, protections against the propensity of governments to turn oppressive and hostile, must be regarded as more essential, more important than the mere personal self-interests of those who serve in government. Against this summation, Hamiltons assertion that responsibility has two aspects becomes hat much more provocative: Responsibility is of two kinds to censure and to punishment. The first is the more important of the two, especially in an elective office. Man, in public trust, will much oftener act in such a manner as to render him unworthy of being any longer trusted, than in such a manner as to make him obnoxious to legal punishment (Hamilton). What Hamilton is saying is that the concentration of power and responsibility in the figure of the President leads to a greater amount of accountability in government. By contrast, Madison viewed the American people, as a whole, as being the firewall of the democratic traditions the President was theoretically bound to serve. However, the idea that individuals in high positions of power must function both as facilitators of the democracy but also as a check against the possible tyranny of the majority is also an idea which Madison sets forth in this paper which is quite a radical idea: Different interests necessarily exist in different classes of citizens. If a majority be united by a common interest, the rights of the minority will be insecure (Madison, 1788). In conclusion, Hamiltons Federalist #70 is one of the most important political documents associated with the framing of the US constitution and forms a remarkable counterpoint to Madisons thought. Both writings represent an attempt by the framers to pinpoint the points of danger and structural weakness in both the democratic form of government and the innate nature of the citizens who comprise that democracy.